Strategic Petroleum Reserves

• Strategic petroleum reserves (SPRs) are stockpiles of crude oil maintained by countries ensuring a stable supply of crude oil even during times of geopolitical uncertainty or supply disruptions.
• These underground storage facilities play a crucial role in maintaining a steady flow of energy resources for the nation’s growth and development.

• Current SPR Infrastructure and Capacity in India:
  • Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserves Ltd. (ISPRL) was created by the Government of India as a Special Purpose Vehicle under the Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas in 2004.
  • India’s existing underground SPR facilities have a combined capacity of 5.33 Million Metric Tonnes (MMT) of crude oil. These storage sites are strategically positioned across two states:
    • Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh – 1.33 MMT capacity
    • Mangaluru, Karnataka – 1.5 MMT capacity
    • Padur, Karnataka – 2.5 MMT capacity
• Filling Strategy:
  • Leveraging the opportunity presented by low crude oil prices in April/May 2020, India successfully filled its existing SPR facilities to full capacity.
    • This tactical move resulted in substantial notional savings, estimated at around INR 5000 crore.
• Expansion Plans and Commercial-Cum-Strategic Facilities
  • In July 2021, the Indian Government granted approval for the establishment of two additional commercial-cum-strategic SPR facilities.
    • Chandikhol, Odisha – 4 MMT capacity
    • Padur, Karnataka – 2.5 MMT capacity (expansion)
    • These facilities, totaling a storage capacity of 6.5 MMT, will operate under a Public Private Partnership (PPP) mode.
• Transfer and Timeline:
  • At the conclusion of the 60-year Concession Period, the concessionaire will transfer the SPR, along with associated infrastructure such as Single Mooring Points (SPMs) and onshore/offshore pipelines, back to the Government of India.
• History of Reserve:
  • In 1990, during the Gulf War in West Asia, India was grappling with a significant energy crisis, with its existing oil reserves deemed sufficient for only a mere three days.
    • Although India successfully averted the crisis at that time, the persistent risk of energy disruptions remains a tangible and ongoing concern.
  • In an effort to tackle this energy insecurity, the administration led by Atal Bihari Vajpayee put forward the idea of establishing strategic petroleum reserves in 1998.
    • In the present day, as India’s consumption of energy continues to rise, the rationale for developing such reserves becomes increasingly compelling.
• Biggest Global Strategic Petroleum Reserves in the World:
  • United States- 714 million barrels
  • China- 475 million barrels
  • Japan- 324 million barrels

Note:

• As per the terms of the International Energy Programme (I.E.P.) agreement, every nation belonging to the International Energy Agency (IEA) is required to maintain emergency reserves of oil amounting to a minimum of 90 days’ worth of their net oil imports.
• In case of a severe oil supply disruption, IEA members may decide to release these stocks to the market as part of a collective action.

In 2017, India attained the status of an associate member within the International Energy Agency